Mayer Amschel Rothschild: The Banking Dynasty Founder
Discover the fascinating Mayer Amschel Rothschild: The Banking Dynasty Founder the 18th-century banker who founded the world’s most influential financial dynasty and shaped modern banking history

#image_title
I often think about Mayer Amschel Rothschild, a Jewish banker from Frankfurt. He started with little and became the founder of the Rothschild banking dynasty. Born on February 23, 1744, in Frankfurt’s Jewish ghetto, his life shows great ambition and resilience1.
Looking into Mayer Rothschild’s life, his vision is truly remarkable. He started a financial empire that greatly influenced the world. His story makes me think about the power of determination and influence.
Rothschild’s rise to fame started with an apprenticeship in Hanover in 1757. He returned to Frankfurt in 1763 to join his brothers’ business. His smart business skills and strategic thinking helped him become a dealer in rare coins. He earned the title of “Court Factor” under Crown Prince Wilhelm of Hesse in 17691.
The Rothschild banking dynasty grew fast after the French Revolution. Rothschild handled payments for Hessian mercenaries, showing his skill in international transactions1. This experience was key to his future success.
- Mayer Amschel Rothschild was born in 1744 in Frankfurt’s Jewish ghetto
- He founded the Rothschild banking dynasty
- Rothschild started as an apprentice and became a Court Factor
- He expanded his business during the French Revolution
- His legacy continues to influence modern banking
Early Life and Jewish Heritage in Frankfurt
Mayer Amschel Rothschild was born in Frankfurt, a city rich in Jewish history. He was born in 1744, one of eight children in a family with deep roots2. This background helped shape a legacy that would change European finance.
Birth in Frankfurt’s Judengasse
Mayer Amschel was born in Frankfurt’s Jewish quarter, the Judengasse. This community of about 3,000 Jews had strict rules. Only 500 Jewish families lived there, with just twelve weddings each year3. Yet, the Rothschild family grew strong.
Family Background and Origins
The Rothschild family’s history in Frankfurt goes back to the 15th century2. This heritage was key to Mayer Amschel’s success. It showed the family’s ability to overcome challenges.
The Red Shield Legacy
The name “Rothschild” comes from the red shield on their house. This symbol became a powerful brand. The red shield dynasty changed banking in Europe.
Aspect | Detail |
---|---|
Birth Year | 1744 |
Birthplace | Frankfurt’s Judengasse |
Family Size | One of eight children |
Family Origins | 15th century Frankfurt |
Name Origin | Red shield (zum rothen Schild) |
Mayer Amschel Rothschild: The Banking Dynasty Founder
Mayer Amschel Rothschild was born on February 23, 1744, in Frankfurt, Germany. He became a key figure in the Rothschild family history4. His life shows how ambition, innovation, and culture can create a remarkable financial dynasty.
Childhood and Education
Young Mayer Amschel grew up in Frankfurt’s Judengasse. This Jewish quarter was full of life and trade. His father’s work with rare coins and currency exchange introduced Mayer to finance.
Religious and Cultural Identity
As a Jewish banker, Rothschild’s faith and culture shaped his business and values. The close Jewish community taught him about solidarity and support. These lessons helped him in business and charity.
Personal Character Development
Mayer Amschel Rothschild developed his character in Frankfurt’s Jewish ghetto. Life there taught him hard work and resourcefulness. These skills, along with his business talent, set him up for success.
Rothschild made a smart move by keeping his oldest son in Frankfurt. He sent his other sons to major European cities. This created a network that changed international banking4. It showed his vision for business and family.
Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s work had a lasting impact on finance. Forbes named him one of the most influential businessmen in 20054. His story shows how perseverance, innovation, and culture can shape history.
The Foundation of Financial Excellence
Mayer Amschel Rothschild started his journey to financial success early. His experiences helped lay the groundwork for the modern banking system. They played a key role in the European financial revolution.
Apprenticeship at Oppenheimer Bank
At 13, Rothschild began his apprenticeship at Simon Wolf Oppenheimer’s bank in Hanover. This job taught him about foreign trade and currency exchange. These skills were very useful for his future.
During his time there, he learned about market changes. This was similar to what happened in England from 1811 to 18155.
Return to Frankfurt
In 1763, Rothschild returned to Frankfurt with knowledge and ambition. He started dealing in rare coins and antiques. This quickly made him known for his expertise.
This venture helped him connect with nobility and wealthy collectors. It set the stage for his future in banking.
Early Business Ventures
Rothschild’s early ventures were diverse and strategic. He moved beyond collecting coins, into financial services. His understanding of market dynamics gave him an edge5.
These early experiences were key in shaping the Rothschild banking dynasty.
Year | Event | Impact |
---|---|---|
1756 | Apprenticeship at Oppenheimer Bank | Gained knowledge in foreign trade and currency exchange |
1763 | Return to Frankfurt | Started dealing in rare coins and antiques |
1769 | Appointment as Court Factor | Expanded business into financial services |
Rothschild’s early ventures paved the way for a global financial empire. His approach to banking and finance would later revolutionize the industry. The Rothschild firm became the largest bank globally from 1815 to 1914 in terms of capital6.
Rise to Banking Prominence
Mayer Amschel Rothschild started his banking career as a young apprentice at Wolf Oppenheim’s in Hanover7. This experience was key to his future success.
He was born in 1744 in Frankfurt’s Judengasse ghetto, a lower middle-class family7. Despite early hardships, he used his apprenticeship to improve his financial skills.
During a time of war in Europe, Rothschild’s career took off. Between 1793 and 1815, Britain fought France almost non-stop8. This created opportunities for smart financiers like Rothschild to grow their wealth.
In 1814, Rothschild showed his strategic mind by secretly buying gold for Wellington’s armies in southern France8. This move highlighted his skill in complex situations and expanding his bank.
“The Rothschild name became synonymous with financial innovation and strategic acumen during times of war and peace.”
In 1815, Rothschild raised huge sums of money quickly to fund Wellington’s armies8. This achievement made him a leader in banking, like today’s financial experts.
Year | Achievement |
---|---|
1814 | Secret gold purchases for Wellington’s armies |
1815 | Raised significant funds for Wellington’s armies |
1820s | Major buyer and borrower of gold and silver from Bank of England |
1825 | Supplied gold to Bank of England, averting financial crisis |
Rothschild’s influence grew more in the 1820s. He became a big buyer and borrower of gold and silver from the Bank of England8. In 1825, he helped the Bank of England by providing a lot of gold, preventing a financial disaster8.
Partnership with Wilhelm IX of Hesse
Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s partnership with Wilhelm IX of Hesse was a game-changer. It helped start the modern banking system. This move also made Rothschild a top player in finance.
Appointment as Court Factor
Wilhelm IX saw Rothschild’s sharp business skills. He was made Court Factor. This role let him get close to royal money and meet the elite.
Rothschild was great at handling big financial deals. He stood out from others.
Managing Royal Finances
As Wilhelm’s financial advisor, Rothschild managed big projects. He helped with loans during the French and Napoleonic wars9. This showed his smart planning skills.
Building Trust with Nobility
Rothschild was known for being reliable and discreet. He became close to big names like Lord Liverpool and the Duke of Wellington9. This trust helped the Rothschild family succeed in banking.
Rothschild’s Achievements | Impact on Banking |
---|---|
Managed royal finances | Pioneered international banking |
Financed wartime operations | Developed cross-border financial networks |
Built trust with nobility | Established lasting banking relationships |
Rothschild’s work with Wilhelm IX of Hesse was key. It started the modern banking era. It also made the Rothschild family leaders in finance for many years.
Revolutionary Times and Business Expansion
The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars were big changes for Mayer Rothschild. During these times, his smart business moves stood out. Born in 1744 in Frankfurt, he grew up in a city with 3,000 Jewish people10.
His early life in the crowded Judengasse, where the population grew from 400 to 1,380 between 1542 and 1610, made him tough11.
When Napoleon’s troops burned Frankfurt in 1796, destroying half the Judengasse and leaving 2,000 without homes, Rothschild’s determination grew10. This disaster turned into a chance for him to grow his business. In 1798, the Rothschild family opened a branch in England10.
Rothschild’s partnership with Carl Buderus was key. By 1807, he managed almost all international banking for the Landgrave10. This success helped him deal with the challenges of Napoleon’s continental blockade.
Despite the turmoil, Rothschild’s influence grew. In 1803, he helped start a modern school for kids in the Judengasse10. His dedication to the community went beyond business, leading to equal rights for Frankfurt’s Jews in 181110.
Year | Event | Impact |
---|---|---|
1796 | Napoleon’s troops burn Frankfurt | 2,000 left homeless |
1798 | Rothschild family expands to England | International business growth |
1807 | Partnership with Carl Buderus | Handling Landgrave’s international banking |
1811 | Negotiation for Jewish rights | Equal rights for Frankfurt Jews |
The Birth of International Banking
Mayer Amschel Rothschild changed finance in the late 18th century. Born in 1744 in Frankfurt, Germany, he overcame many obstacles. He built the most successful banking operation in Europe in his lifetime122.
Cross-Border Operations
Rothschild was a genius at creating a network across Europe. He set up agents, family members, and trusted associates in different countries. This network allowed for quick money and information transfers, setting new banking standards.
Investment Strategies
Rothschild’s investment plans were ahead of his time. He focused on government bonds and foreign exchange, taking advantage of the unstable political climate. His business grew fast after the French Revolution, making him very wealthy by 18102.
Currency Exchange Innovation
Rothschild’s experience as a currency exchanger’s son was key. He used Frankfurt’s location at a major trade route to innovate in currency exchange. The city’s river Main, connecting to the Rhine, was vital for these operations3.
Aspect | Impact on Banking |
---|---|
Cross-Border Network | Rapid fund transfers |
Investment Focus | Government bonds, foreign exchange |
Currency Innovation | Leveraged Frankfurt’s strategic location |
Rothschild’s innovations started the modern banking system. His work in arbitrage and international finance set a model for future banking. He left a lasting mark on financial history.
Family Business Dynasty Formation
In 1810, Mayer Amschel Rothschild made a key decision. He renamed his firm M A Rothschild und Söhne, teaming up with his sons13. This step started the red shield dynasty that would lead European finance for over a century.
The partnership agreement was signed on September 27, 1810. Mayer Amschel and his sons Amschel, Salomon, Carl, and James were involved14. Mayer Amschel had a trading capital of 370,000 Gulden. Amschel and Salomon each had 185,000 Gulden14.
Mayer Amschel’s business skills were clear in the profit-sharing plan. He got 25 parts, while Amschel and Salomon each got 12 parts. Callmann and Jacob shared profits and losses14. This plan kept the family together and rewarded each member’s efforts.
The Rothschild patriarch placed his sons in major European financial hubs – Frankfurt, London, Paris, Vienna, and Naples13. This created a family-led global banking network. Their quick communication system, using daily letters and carrier pigeons, gave them a big market advantage13.
The family’s interests went beyond banking. They got into cloth trade, state bonds, railroads, ironworks, coal mining, and oil exploration13. Their diversification and global reach made them Europe’s top bankers in just five years13.
Family Member | Location | Role |
---|---|---|
Mayer Amschel | Frankfurt | Founder |
Amschel | Frankfurt | Successor in Frankfurt |
Salomon | Vienna | Austrian branch head |
Nathan | London | British branch head |
Carl | Naples | Italian branch head |
James | Paris | French branch head |
The start of this family business dynasty marked the beginning of a financial empire. The Rothschild name became a symbol of wealth, influence, and financial innovation in Europe.
The Five Arrows Strategy
Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s genius sparked a european financial revolution. Born in 1744, he started as a coin dealer in Frankfurt’s ghetto15. His vision laid the foundation for the rothschild banking dynasty that would shape Europe’s financial landscape.
Sons’ European Expansion
Rothschild’s masterstroke was sending his five sons to key European cities. This move, known as the “Five Arrows” strategy, catapulted the family’s influence across the continent. Amschel stayed in Frankfurt, while his brothers ventured out: Nathan to London, Salomon to Vienna, Carl to Naples, and James to Paris.
Strategic City Selection
The choice of cities wasn’t random. Each location was a financial powerhouse, with unique opportunities. Nathan’s London house, established in the 1770s, quickly became a major player in bullion and foreign exchange16. Salomon’s Viennese bank, S. M. von Rothschild, opened its doors around the same time16.
Business Division Plan
This strategic dispersion allowed the Rothschilds to tap into diverse markets and share information rapidly. They could coordinate complex international transactions, giving them a significant edge over competitors. By 1816, the total capital of Rothschild banks had reached £136,000, with Nathan’s share at £90,00017.
City | Rothschild Son | Bank Name | Year Established |
---|---|---|---|
Frankfurt | Amschel | M A Rothschild und Söhne | 1798 |
London | Nathan | N M Rothschild & Sons | 1798 |
Paris | James | de Rothschild Frères | 1812 |
Vienna | Salomon | S M von Rothschild | 1820 |
Naples | Carl | C M de Rothschild & Figli | 1820 |
Marriage and Family Life
Mayer Amschel Rothschild married Guttle Schnapper in 1770, starting a dynasty. They had ten children, shaping the Rothschild family’s history. Their Frankfurt home was both a family space and a business center.
The Rothschilds lived by the motto “Harmony, Integrity, Industry.” Their symbol, five arrows, showed their unity and values18.
Mayer Amschel taught his kids about Jewish traditions and business. This mix of culture and finance helped the family thrive. Their home was lively, blending family life with business.
“Family is the most important thing in business.” – Mayer Amschel Rothschild
In 1817, the Austrian Emperor made Mayer Amschel’s sons nobles. This was followed by an Austrian Barony in 1822, boosting their status18.
The Rothschilds’ power grew over time. In 1885, Nathaniel de Rothschild became the first Jewish peer, taking the title Lord Rothschild (of Tring Park)18. This marked their rise from humble beginnings to European nobility.
Family Value | Symbol | Significance |
---|---|---|
Harmony | Five Arrows | Unity among siblings |
Integrity | Family Motto | Ethical business practices |
Industry | Red Shield | Hard work and perseverance |
Legacy in Modern Banking
Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s work in banking has greatly influenced our financial world. His ideas helped start the modern banking system. They also sparked a financial revolution in Europe that we feel today.
Innovation in Financial Services
The Rothschild family changed finance by growing smartly. Nathan Rothschild, Mayer’s son, moved from being a merchant to a merchant banker. This move made purchases 15 to 20 percent cheaper, showing their financial skill19.
The family was known for their fast information networks and communication. They worked with many suppliers, customers, and credit sources. This helped them make money even during wars and blockades19.
Impact on European Economics
The Rothschilds were key players in Europe’s economy. They started international high finance during the industrial age. They helped with railways all over the world and played a big role in Brazil’s fight for independence in the early 19th century20.
Jewish financiers, led by the Rothschilds, became more important in global finance in the late 19th century. They set up banking branches in many places, leading to a big change in Europe’s finance20.
Modern Banking Influence
The Rothschild way of banking and managing wealth is a big part of today’s finance. They were careful with their money, and in 2010, Baron Benjamin Rothschild said the family was not affected by the financial crisis20.
The family’s influence goes beyond money. Jacob Rothschild’s giving to the National Gallery shows how they manage their image through charity2019.
Rothschild Innovation | Impact on Modern Banking |
---|---|
Information Networks | Global Financial Communication |
International Coordination | Cross-Border Banking Operations |
Private Banking Model | Wealth Management Industry |
Strategic Philanthropy | Corporate Social Responsibility |
Business Philosophy and Principles
Mayer Amschel Rothschild, a famous jewish banker in frankfurt, started a banking empire. He built it on trust, discretion, and innovation. His business philosophy focused on family loyalty as key to success21.
Born in 1743, Rothschild changed banking with his ethics and practices22. He taught about managing risks and diversifying investments. The Rothschild Archive shows their global impact and is a key resource for scholars21.
Rothschild’s strategy was bold yet safe. This mix led to success during big events like the American War of Independence and Napoleon’s rise and fall2223. The family kept finances stable through political changes, showing their smart business skills.
“Unity, integrity, industry.”
This motto summed up Rothschild’s business philosophy. It guided the family’s work across Europe. They did more than banking, owning big estates and making sugar22. Their legacy is kept in the Archive’s vast collection of books and documents21.
Principle | Application | Impact |
---|---|---|
Family Loyalty | Global network of banks | Coordinated financial operations |
Innovation | Foreign loans in England | Expanded market influence |
Risk Management | Diversified investments | Stability during political turmoil |
The biography on Mayer Rothschild shows a visionary who changed banking. His focus on unity, integrity, and industry helped create a financial dynasty. This dynasty shaped European economics for many years23.
Cultural and Social Impact
Mayer Amschel Rothschild, a Jewish banker in Frankfurt, left a lasting impact on society. His work helped Jewish people gain equality and started a tradition of giving back. This legacy has shaped the influential Rothschild family history.
Jewish Emancipation Role
Rothschild’s success broke down anti-Semitic myths and opened doors for Jewish people in Europe. In 1811, he helped pass a decree that gave Jews equal rights in Frankfurt. This was a major step towards equality.
Philanthropy and Community Support
The Rothschild family’s giving started with Mayer Amschel. They supported education, science, and the arts. Today, the Rothschild Archive Trust, led by family members, keeps this tradition alive24.
Social Status Evolution
Rothschild’s journey from the Frankfurt Judengasse to international fame changed Jewish families’ social standing. The family’s archives, taken by Nazis in 1938 and later found, show their strength and victory25.
The Rothschild Archive now holds many historical documents. It includes 20,000 translated letters between Rothschild brothers. These letters give us a glimpse into their personal and business lives25. This history inspires research in many areas, from textiles to railways, like the Kaiser Ferdinands Nordbahn railway nationalized in 190624.
Rothschild Legacy | Impact |
---|---|
Jewish Emancipation | Equal rights decree in Frankfurt (1811) |
Philanthropy | Ongoing support for education, science, arts |
Social Status | From Judengasse to international influence |
Wealth Accumulation Strategies
Mayer Amschel Rothschild was a key player in the European financial revolution. He was born in 1744 in Frankfurt’s Jewish ghetto. His journey to wealth started in 1757 with an apprenticeship at a Hanover banking firm1.
Returning to Frankfurt in 1763, Rothschild’s rise in banking was swift1.
Rothschild’s business skills were evident in his banking services for Crown Prince Wilhelm of Hesse1. This relationship was key. In 1800-1806, he managed a large deposit of 1,750,000 thaler from the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel26. Such clients boosted his reputation and wealth.
The Rothschild banking dynasty was officially founded in 18101. They used various strategies to grow their wealth. In 1811, they financed civil rights for Jews in Frankfurt, making profits while helping their community1.
The family’s growth across Europe was key to their wealth. Nathan Mayer Rothschild, sent to England in 1798, was a prime example1. Starting with £20,000, he made £40,000 in seven years through textiles26. Their global network helped them become Europe’s wealthiest by 181826.
Final Years and Death
Mayer Amschel Rothschild was nearing the end of his life. He worked hard to make sure his family’s banking legacy was secure. Born on February 23, 1744, he built a vast financial empire over nearly seven decades2728.
Last Business Decisions
In his last years, Rothschild made key decisions to strengthen his business. He created a secret code for financial records, mixing Hebrew, Yiddish, German, and special symbols28. This code helped keep the family’s business secrets safe.
Succession Planning
Rothschild planned well for his sons’ futures. He sent Nathan Mayer Rothschild to London. Nathan was given the task of buying British securities for Landgrave William IX of Hesse-Kassel29. This move was a big step towards the family’s success in international banking.
Death and Burial
Mayer Amschel Rothschild died on September 19, 1812, in Frankfurt27. He was buried at Jüdischer Friedhof Battonnstraße in Frankfurt am Main, Germany27. A memorial page on Find a Grave, with ID 20830886, honors him as the founder of the banking dynasty27.
His death ended one chapter but started a lasting legacy in finance. By the time he died, his wealth was over 1 million thalers, showing his smart business skills28. The Rothschild name would influence global finance for centuries.
Event | Date | Significance |
---|---|---|
Birth | February 23, 1744 | Beginning of a financial legacy |
Return to Frankfurt | 1760 | Joined family business |
Court Agent Title | c. 1769 | Recognition from Landgrave William IX |
Death | September 19, 1812 | End of an era, start of a dynasty |
Posthumous Recognition
Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s work in finance and helping Jews was widely recognized after he died. He was born on February 23, 1744, in Frankfurt am Main. His story has drawn 6,643 views on his Wikipedia page30. This shows how the Rothschild family’s history and legacy are deeply influential.
In 1817, the Austrian Emperor made him a noble posthumously30. This honor highlighted Rothschild’s big role in finance and modern banking.
Rothschild’s impact is felt long after he passed away. In 2005, Forbes named him seventh on their list of “The Twenty Most Influential Businessmen of All Time”30. This ranking shows how the Rothschild family has shaped global finance.
The Rothschild Archive Trust works to keep the family’s history alive. From April 2006 to March 2007, they added nearly 100 new items to their collection31. This shows the ongoing interest in the Rothschild legacy.
“The Rothschild name has become synonymous with financial acumen and influence, a testament to Mayer Amschel’s enduring legacy.”
Today, Frankfurt has parks and streets named after Rothschild. This honors his big impact on the city’s history. The family’s business model, with “five arrows” across Europe, shows their strategic vision and global reach30.
Conclusion
Mayer Amschel Rothschild, the founder of the Rothschild banking dynasty, left a lasting impact on European finance. He started his first shop in Frankfurt in 1764, laying the groundwork for a vast financial empire28. By the 19th century, his wealth soared to over 1 million thalers, showing his sharp business skills28.
He didn’t just focus on making money. Mayer aimed to build a family business that would change international banking. With his five sons and five daughters, Mayer built a banking dynasty across Europe28. He also introduced a secret cipher system for safe communication, essential during unstable times28.
Mayer’s children, like Nathan Mayer Rothschild, carried on his legacy. Nathan was born in 1777 and moved to Manchester at 21. He expanded the family’s influence in England’s textile and finance industries32. By 1804, Nathan was trading on the London Stock Exchange, strengthening the Rothschild family’s role in European finance32.
The Rothschild family’s impact on European finance is clear. They played key roles in funding wars and preventing financial crises. In 1811, they backed Wellington’s troops against Napoleon. By 1825, they helped avoid a liquidity crisis at the Bank of England32. Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s vision and business principles continue to influence modern banking. His legacy is a testament to the man who founded a dynasty that revolutionized the financial world.
FAQ
Who was Mayer Amschel Rothschild?
What is the significance of the “red shield” in Rothschild family history?
How did Mayer Amschel Rothschild start his banking career?
What was the “Five Arrows” strategy?
How did Rothschild contribute to Jewish emancipation?
What innovations did Mayer Amschel Rothschild introduce to banking?
How has the Rothschild legacy impacted modern banking?
What was Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s business philosophy?
How did Rothschild accumulate his wealth?
What recognition has Mayer Amschel Rothschild received posthumously?
Source Links
- Mayer Amschel Rothschild – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild
- Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744-1812) | Rothschild Family – https://family.rothschildarchive.org/people/21-mayer-amschel-rothschild-1744-1812
- A Portrait of the First Rothschildl – https://faculty.history.umd.edu/BCooperman/NewCity/Founder.html
- Mayer Amschel Rothschild – OVO – http://www.ovovideo.com/en/mayer-amschel-rothschild/
- Nathan Mayer Rothschild and the Creation of a Dynasty: The Critical Years 1806-1816 9781503625228 – DOKUMEN.PUB – https://dokumen.pub/nathan-mayer-rothschild-and-the-creation-of-a-dynasty-the-critical-years-1806-1816-9781503625228.html
- The House of Rothschild, Vol 1: Money’s Prophets, 1798-1848 – https://erenow.org/biographies/the-house-of-rothschild-moneys-prophets-1798-1848/1.php
- The First Rothschild – https://harryfreedman.substack.com/p/the-first-rothschild
- The Business ‹ London banking house :: The Rothschild Archive – https://www.rothschildarchive.org/business/n_m_rothschild_and_sons_london/rothschild_and_gold
- The founder of Rothschild’s dies in Frankfurt – https://www.historytoday.com/archive/founder-rothschild’s-dies-frankfurt
- Mayer Rothschild | Encyclopedia.com – https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mayer-rothschild
- The House of Rothschild – https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/f/ferguson-rothschild.html?module=inline
- The Humble Beginnings of an Empire (Published 1996) – https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/04/books/the-humble-beginnings-of-an-empire.html
- Culture : Rothschild: A Dynasty Diversified : A museum exhibit shows the centuries-old banking family as prototype of European unity. – https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-12-20-wr-10974-story.html
- The Business ‹ Origins of the business :: The Rothschild Archive – https://www.rothschildarchive.org/business/origins_of_the_business/family_partnership
- Just who are the Rothschilds today? The long, non-laser-filled answer – https://forward.com/news/463265/just-who-are-the-rothschilds-today-the-long-non-laser-filled-answer/
- PDF – https://www.economicsvoodoo.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Rothschild-Archive-‹-Rothschild-Timeline.pdf
- PDF – https://family.rothschildarchive.org/uploads/resources/files/34/original.pdf?1677680555
- The Family ‹ Family name & crest :: The Rothschild Archive – https://www.rothschildarchive.org/family/the_rothschild_name_and_arms/
- ☆ Rise of the Rothschilds: A Legacy of Lessons — OPPORTUNITY NOW – https://www.opportunitynowsv.org/blog/-rise-of-the-rothschilds-a-legacy-of-lessons
- BANKSTERS AND WARMONGERS | IERI – https://www.ieri.be/en/publications/wp/2019/juillet/banksters-and-warmongers
- PDF – https://www.rothschildarchive.org/materials/ar_2002_2003_complete_with_cover.pdf
- the financial rulers of nations” – https://archive.org/stream/rothschildsfinan00reevuoft/rothschildsfinan00reevuoft_djvu.txt
- The-Rothschilds – https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/39433709/the-rothschilds
- PDF – https://www.rothschildarchive.org/materials/ar2008complete.pdf
- 102138_p01-02 – https://www.rothschildarchive.org/materials/ar2002.pdf
- ROTHSCHILD – JewishEncyclopedia.com – https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12909-rothschild
- Mayer Anschel Rothschild (1744-1812) – Find a… – https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/20830886/mayer_anschel-rothschild
- Mayer Rothschild and Sons – the history of the founding of one of the largest banking dynasties – https://steemit.com/history/@skripi76/mayer-rothschild-and-sons-the-history-of-the-founding-of-one-of-the-largest-banking-dynasties
- Rothschild | Encyclopedia.com – https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/social-sciences-and-law/business-leaders/rothschild
- Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744-1812) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree – https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Rothschild-108
- untitled – https://www.rothschildarchive.org/materials/ar2007.pdf
- Nathan Mayer Rothschild – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild