The Truth About Nuclear War – Is It Survivable?: The Hard Truth Revealed

The threat of nuclear war is bigger than ever. With over 13,000 nuclear weapons worldwide¹, the chance of a big conflict is high. It’s important for us to know how bad nuclear weapons are and what surviving a nuclear disaster would be like.

Nuclear weapons are incredibly powerful. Russia has about 4,477 nuclear warheads, and that number goes up to nearly 6,000 if we count “retired” ones². The US has around 5,500 warheads, with 3,800 ready to go². To give you an idea, the UK’s Trident submarines carry enough TNT to destroy everything from World War II in one go².

The effects of a nuclear war would be huge. The bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 killed 140,000 and 73,000 people right away². If all nuclear powers used half of their weapons, about 770 million people would die, and the air would be filled with soot².

The damage wouldn’t stop after the blast. A big nuclear war would make the Earth colder and food production would drop a lot. This could lead to global famine and the death of billions². Even a small nuclear fight could make the planet up to 5°C colder¹.

Key Takeaways:

• The world is closer to nuclear conflict than at any time since the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.
• Current nuclear arsenals possess explosive power far exceeding that of all World War II bombings combined.
• A full-scale nuclear exchange would result in hundreds of millions of direct deaths and severe global consequences.
• Nuclear fallout and nuclear winter would lead to massive reductions in food production and the death of billions.
• Even a “limited” nuclear war would have devastating effects on the Earth’s climate and ecosystems.

The Truth About Nuclear War – Is It Survivable? Understanding the Devastating Impact of Nuclear Weapons

Nuclear weapons are among the most destructive forces ever made. They can cause huge harm to people and the environment. The effects of these weapons are long-lasting and far-reaching. It’s important to understand their impact.

Since 1946, between 63 and 79 percent of Americans thought the next big war would be nuclear³. Most people believed there was a 50/50 chance of another world war being nuclear³.

The Destructive Power of Nuclear Explosions

Nuclear explosions are incredibly destructive. They create radiation, heat, and a blast that can kill quickly⁴. A 300-kiloton explosion’s fireball can be over 600 meters wide⁴. The heat can cause burns up to 13 kilometers away⁴.

The blast wave from a 300-kiloton explosion can destroy buildings up to 4.7 kilometers away⁴. Such an explosion could kill over a million people in a city like New York⁴.

Immediate Effects: Blast, Heat, and Radiation

The blast, heat, and radiation from a nuclear explosion are immediate and deadly. The blast wave travels fast, causing damage and injuries far away. Radiation can be lethal over a mile from the explosion⁴.

The heat from the fireball starts fires and causes severe burns, adding to the high death toll.

Long-term Consequences of Nuclear Fallout

Nuclear fallout has long-term effects that are just as bad. Radioactive material can spread over thousands of square kilometers⁴. This can lead to health problems like cancer and genetic damage for those exposed.

Most people think mainly of complete destruction if a nuclear war happens³. Research shows people focus more on the destruction than the harm to people when imagining nuclear war³.

The aftermath of a nuclear conflict would have global climatic changes and widespread devastation⁴.

A war between India and Pakistan could kill 27 million people⁴. A global war between the US and Russia with thousands of nuclear warheads could kill 360 million people quickly⁴. Countries other than the US and Russia have over 1,200 nuclear warheads, showing the global threat.

The Myth of Limited Nuclear Conflict

The idea of a “limited” nuclear war is a dangerous myth. Such a war would have huge effects far beyond the blast zones. The belief that we can control or limit nuclear conflicts is wrong. It overlooks the huge effects on the whole world.

Potential Scenarios for Regional Nuclear Wars

Imagine a fight between India and Pakistan, two countries with big nuclear weapons. A study looked at what would happen if they used about 100 bombs as big as the one dropped on Hiroshima. These bombs would hit the biggest cities, killing tens to hundreds of millions of people right away.

But the effects wouldn’t stop there. The smoke would go up high and spread around the world. It would block sunlight and make the Earth colder. In the first five years, the planet could get 1.8°C colder, even colder than from a big volcano⁵.

Global Consequences of a “Limited” Nuclear Exchange

A nuclear war would be a disaster for the whole world, especially for food. The cold and more UV radiation would hurt crops and food exports. Within a year, food stocks would be gone, leaving 1.3 billion people with less food⁵. This would be a huge crisis, caused by a small part of the world’s nuclear weapons.

The cold and UV radiation from a small nuclear war would make it hard to grow food. This could lead to a global food crisis⁵. People far from the fighting would suffer, showing how connected our world is and the big effects of nuclear wars.

The idea of a “limited” nuclear war is a dangerous dream. Such a fight would have huge effects all over the world, threatening billions of lives.

We must see that a “limited” nuclear war is not possible. Its effects on the climate and food would be huge and affect everyone. We need to work towards ending nuclear weapons and solving conflicts peacefully to avoid this disaster.

The Current State of Nuclear Arsenals

As of early 2022, Russia has about 4,477 nuclear warheads, and nearly 6,000 if “retired” warheads are counted. The United States has around 5,500 warheads, with 3,800 ready to be used quickly. These two countries hold 90% of the world’s nuclear weapons, down from the Cold War levels.

It’s important to watch smaller countries like Iran or North Korea. They might sell weapons to groups outside the government⁶. The fight between India and Pakistan is also worrying. Both sides keep adding to their nuclear stockpiles, raising the risk of a big nuclear fight⁶.

Recent events have made us more worried about nuclear control agreements. In February 2023, Russia’s President Putin said he was stopping the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, even though it didn’t allow suspension⁶. Then, in October 2023, Russia’s Duma decided to pull out of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty⁶.

The US and China might start a big nuclear race. There are talks about the US needing more nuclear weapons to keep up with China’s growth⁶. Experts worry that China might help Russia build its nuclear forces fast⁶. A report in the US suggests we need to modernize our nuclear weapons to stop Russia and China⁶.

A nuclear war would be a disaster. Doctors say 2.4 million people worldwide could get cancer from nuclear tests from 1945 to 1980⁷. Using just a tiny part of the world’s nuclear weapons could cause a big famine, threatening two billion people⁷. For tips on disaster preparedness, check out FEMA’s earthquake preparedness guidelines.

“The existence of nuclear weapons poses an existential threat to all of humanity. It is imperative that we work towards their complete elimination to ensure a safer and more secure world for future generations.”

A big nuclear war between the US and Russia could kill hundreds of millions⁷. North Korea is getting better at making nuclear weapons, making a global nuclear disaster more likely⁶. We need to focus on getting rid of nuclear weapons to stop this from happening.

Lessons from Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki show us the terrible effects of nuclear war. These events highlight the need for stopping nuclear weapons. The survivors, known as hibakusha, tell us why we must work towards a world without nuclear arms.

Immediate Devastation and Loss of Life

The bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki took about 210,000 lives by late 1945⁸. In Hiroshima alone, around 140,000 people lost their lives⁹. Those near the bombs felt intense heat, causing skin to peel off. Others were turned into white bones as all their flesh vaporized.

The bombs hit mostly civilians, killing 86% of those affected⁸. Every year since 1955, the World Conference against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs has called for an end to these weapons. It honors those who died and supports disarmament efforts⁸.

Long-term Health Effects on Survivors

Survivors, or hibakusha, faced severe radiation sickness. They suffered from diarrhea, hair loss, and fever. Many died soon after the bombs hit.

Studies show that hibakusha faced higher rates of cancer and leukemia. Yet, not all survivors died from the bombing. The number of cancer deaths was about 850, and leukemia less than 100, over the years.

Today, hibakusha are mostly in their 80s, with 9,000 dying each year⁸. Their health issues remind us of the lasting harm nuclear weapons cause.

The stories from Hiroshima and Nagasaki push us to prevent nuclear use. Mayors for Peace, with 8,200 member cities, fights to end nuclear weapons⁸. Also, 186 countries signed the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, with 174 ratifying it, reducing nuclear tests to less than 12 since 1996⁸.

But, the danger of nuclear war is still here. There are over 17,000 nuclear warheads, with many ready to use⁹. Countries like the U.S., Russia, and others have tested thousands of nuclear weapons⁹.

The stories of Hiroshima and Nagasaki warn us of nuclear war’s horrors. We must keep pushing for disarmament and non-proliferation. Let’s work together to create a world free from nuclear threats. This way, we honor those who died and support the hibakusha’s resilience.

The Hard Truth: Is Nuclear War Survivable?

Can humans survive a nuclear war? It’s a tough question. Even a 150 Tg soot from a nuclear war is less than the smoke from the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs. This means some humans could survive and start again.

But most people would die from burns, radiation, and hunger. Our civilization would likely end. Survivors would live on a harsh, empty planet.

The Federal Emergency Management Agency’s CRP-2B scenario looks at 6,559 megatons of nuclear explosives hitting military bases and big cities¹⁰. Without warning, about 125 million people would face severe damage. Around 58 million would be in the worst-hit areas¹⁰.

This scenario includes 843 1-Mt warheads, causing huge damage up to 0.6 miles away¹⁰. In the 2-psi circle, buildings would be badly damaged, with walls cracked and windows blown out¹⁰.

A one-megaton bomb on the Pentagon would kill a million people in the first two minutes¹¹. After a nuclear war, at least two billion lives would be lost¹¹.

Electromagnetic pulses (EMP) from nuclear blasts could destroy our technology¹⁰. This includes our communication networks, computers, and medical devices¹⁰. EMPs could harm our critical systems, putting our infrastructure at risk¹⁰.

Knowing how to survive a nuclear war is key. This means avoiding the blast and preparing for the aftermath. It could mean weeks or months of living off emergency rations and medical care

A full-scale nuclear war would be devastating for humanity. While we might not go extinct, most people would die. Survivors would face a hard life in a post-apocalyptic world. We must prepare and work towards disarmament for a safer future.

Nuclear Winter: The Devastating Climate Impact

In the 1980s, scientists first talked about “nuclear winter.” This term shows how a nuclear war could change the climate in a big way¹². Even though it sounds like a winter from a nuclear blast, big fires could also cause similar weather changes¹². This could greatly affect our food supply and the future of our world¹³.

Atmospheric Soot and Global Cooling

Computer simulations say that 100 big firestorms could make the world cooler by about 1°C¹². These models also thought that many firestorms could make it very cold for up to ten years, especially in areas that grow food¹². Firestorms send soot and smoke high into the air, which can make the ground colder for a few weeks¹².

How much the temperature drops and for how long depends on many things. This includes how long the smoke stays in the air, how high it goes, and what it looks like¹². Studies from satellites show that smoke can go away in about two months. This means we need to know when the smoke stops affecting the climate¹². If a lot of soot gets into the high air, it could lead to food shortages for years¹².

Disruption of Food Production and Famine

The smoke from a nuclear war could make it hard to grow food and could cause famine¹³. About two billion people could face the risk of not having enough food¹³. A fight between countries could make it hard to feed everyone around the world, as shown in a 2020 study¹³.

A war between Russia and the US could lead to over 80% of people starving to death worldwide¹². About 99% of people in the US, Russia, Europe, and China could die from lack of food¹². This would greatly affect food production and cause famine all over the world, even if the fighting is between just a few countries.

The effects of nuclear fallout on our environment and health are huge¹³. Many studies and reports talk about the dangers of nuclear winter and its effects on our planet and food supply¹³. The Lancet Countdown in 2021 and a study by the National Academy of Sciences in 2023 highlight these risks¹³.

The Collapse of Infrastructure and Society

After a nuclear war, the world would face a huge crisis. The damage from nuclear weapons would destroy medical care, public health, and basic services. Survivors would face a tough fight to survive.

Breakdown of Medical Care and Public Health

Nuclear explosions would quickly overwhelm hospitals and doctors. They wouldn’t be able to help the injured or dying. Places hit by radiation would be too dangerous for anyone to work in¹⁴.

Even a small nuclear attack would be too much for disaster relief. A big war would break any relief system we could make. Public health would fail as clean water and medical supplies became scarce.

The first bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki caused many deaths right away. Later, more people died from radiation sickness, like leukemia¹⁴.

Economic and Social Upheaval

The economic disaster after a nuclear war would be huge. Trade would stop, markets would crash, and the economy would fall apart. Experts say even a small war could affect the whole world¹⁵.

Society would fall apart as people fought for basic needs like food and water. A nuclear war would lead to a massive refugee crisis. It would be much worse than anything we’ve seen before.

The Global Catastrophic Risk Conference said there’s a 1% chance of wiping out all humans in a century. A 10% chance means 1 billion could die, and 30% means 1 million could die¹⁵. Even those in shelters might not make it due to lack of air or carbon monoxide. The social collapse after a nuclear war is a scary reality we must face.

Thinking about the end of society after a nuclear war is scary. We have about 13,410 nuclear weapons ready to go, and every country is updating theirs¹⁵. We must work hard to stop this from happening.

Preparing for the Unthinkable: Nuclear Survival Strategies

The Doomsday Clock is now just 90 seconds from midnight, due to rising nuclear tensions after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine¹⁶. This makes nuclear preparedness and fallout shelters more critical than ever. A nuclear blast, like a 750-kiloton warhead over a city, seems devastating. Yet, there are steps to increase your survival chances.

Seeking shelter right away is key after a nuclear explosion. If you’re in a city near the blast, you have just 5 to 10 seconds to find safety indoors¹⁶. The winds from the blast can be deadly, especially near doors and windows¹⁶. A basement or a spot with building shadows can lessen the blast’s effects¹⁶.

Choosing the right shelter is crucial for survival. Concrete buildings with metal reinforcement can withstand the blast better than wood-framed houses or brick structures¹⁶. Fallout shelters are designed to protect people from radiation. The “Bunker Plan” from 1957 aimed to create bunkers across the US to reduce casualties. These bunkers could hold hundreds or thousands of people for months or years.

Switzerland is the only country that widely protected its people from nuclear threats by the 1980s. But as the Cold War ended, many countries stopped preparing for nuclear war. With about 12,700 warheads left¹⁶, the need for nuclear preparedness has come back.

Nuclear blasts can cause radiation exposure far from the blast site, leading to health issues like skin burns and cancer¹⁶. Even small nukes can cause huge damage. Spending billions on nuclear weapons each year¹⁷ should focus on protecting people and the planet, as the Appeal suggests¹⁷.

Getting ready for a nuclear threat means building fallout shelters, stocking up on supplies, and pushing for disarmament. By staying informed and supporting groups like ICAN¹⁷, you help ensure a safer future. Every step you take counts in facing this threat. For more on emergency prep, check out FEMA’s tornado guide.

The Importance of Nuclear Disarmament and Non-Proliferation

Nuclear war has devastating effects, making disarmament and non-proliferation crucial. The world is working together, as seen in the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). This treaty has 190 countries agreeing to stop making more nuclear weapons and work towards getting rid of them¹⁸.

In January 2023, the doomsday clock moved to 90 seconds before midnight, showing a high risk of nuclear war¹⁸. The International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) led a global campaign for disarmament. This effort won the Nobel peace prize in 1985 and 2017¹⁸.

International Treaties and Agreements

Many treaties and agreements aim to stop nuclear weapons from spreading. The 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons has 92 signatories, including 68 countries¹⁸. It helps the NPT in making a nuclear-free world.

The International Court of Justice looked into nuclear weapons’ legality. In 1995, 28 countries made written statements, and 22 spoke out during the hearing¹⁹. The Court said countries must work together to get rid of nuclear weapons under strict rules¹⁹.

The Role of Diplomacy in Preventing Nuclear War

Diplomacy is key to stopping nuclear war and reducing weapons. Countries are pushing for a no first use policy and keeping nuclear weapons off high alert¹⁸.

There’s a call for urgent talks among countries with nuclear weapons to agree on getting rid of them¹⁸. But, issues like conventional weapon imbalances make it hard to disarm, especially for the “P5” countries²⁰.

When weaker countries get nuclear weapons, it makes decisions harder for stronger ones. They see nuclear weapons as a way to balance out their conventional weaknesses²⁰. Good diplomacy is needed to build trust and cooperation to move forward in disarmament and non-proliferation.

Confronting the Psychological Impact of Nuclear Threats

The fear of nuclear war has been growing for years. Studies show how living with the threat of nuclear annihilation affects people. From 1976 to 1982, more male and female high school seniors worried about nuclear threats²¹. This shows how widespread the fear was during the Cold War.

Many believe that nuclear or biological annihilation could happen in their lifetime. In 1982, 36.0% of girls thought so, up from 20.2% in 1976²¹. This fear deeply affects people’s views and decisions.

Psychologists have studied nuclear war since the atomic bomb. Their research changed with the political climate²². They moved from supporting government policies to questioning psychological effects of nuclear threats²².

The atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima showed the devastating effects of nuclear weapons²³. The Japanese reaction to these bombs has shaped attitudes towards nuclear weapons²³.

A 1965 study tested how women in York would cope in a fallout shelter²³. Even knowing it was a test, they experienced anxiety and hallucinations. This shows the deep psychological impact of nuclear threats.

“The psychological effects of nuclear war are far-reaching and long-lasting, shaping the lives of individuals and societies for generations to come.”

The cost of nuclear weapons is huge, taking away from green tech and healthcare²³. Investing in nuclear weapons has a big psychological cost too.

We need to work on disarmament and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons²¹. By aiming for a world free from nuclear threats, we can heal from the past.

Building Resilience: Strengthening Global Cooperation and Preparedness

With the threat of nuclear war growing, it’s crucial to work together worldwide. The U.S. National Security Strategy highlights the need to lead in solving global problems. This means building strong alliances like NATO, making the world safer for everyone²⁴.

Getting ready for a nuclear attack means more than just military plans. It also means protecting people’s health and safety. For example, finding shelter quickly can cut down radiation exposure a lot²⁵. Teaching people how to act during an attack is key to lessening its harm.

Working together isn’t just about military alliances. It’s also about tackling issues like climate change, health crises, and food security. The U.S. sees these as top priorities, showing a broad approach to global challenges²⁴. By facing these issues together, we can make a world that’s stronger against nuclear threats.

“The socio-economic impacts of nuclear weapons would be terrible, with developing countries and marginalized groups the ones that will suffer the most. With children’s hospitals bombed and refugees shelled as they flee, emotions run high. But cool heads must ultimately prevail, so that we can collectively step back from the brink of Russia-NATO confrontation before it is too late. The price of nuclear escalation is planetary suicide, with no winners at all.”

It’s clear that a nuclear war would hit the most vulnerable hardest. Countries and groups already facing challenges would suffer even more. We must act with careful thought to prevent this disaster, working hard to stop a nuclear conflict.

By focusing on global cooperation and nuclear preparedness, we can make a safer world. Diplomacy, military readiness, health measures, and addressing conflict causes are all part of the solution. Together, we can reduce the threat of nuclear war and aim for a peaceful future for everyone.

The Urgent Need for Public Awareness and Action

Today, the threat of nuclear war is real, with the Doomsday Clock just two minutes to midnight. A small conflict or attack could lead to the worst disaster ever. It’s vital for everyone to understand the dangers of nuclear weapons and act to stop it.

Surveys in the UK and US show many people don’t know about ‘nuclear winter’. Only a few in the UK and US have heard about it from media or studies²⁶. This shows we need more education and awareness about the long-term effects of nuclear war.

There are also differences in how men and women view nuclear retaliation. More men in the US and UK support it, but learning about ‘nuclear winter’ changes their minds²⁶. This shows education can change opinions and action on nuclear threats.

If a nuclear bomb goes off, knowing what to do can save lives. A blast can spread radiation up to 20 miles²⁷. People have minutes to get inside before radiation starts²⁷. Being in a basement can protect many from radiation²⁷. We need to teach people these safety steps.

“The unleashed power of the atom has changed everything save our modes of thinking, and we thus drift toward unparalleled catastrophe.” – Albert Einstein

Knowing about the nuclear threat isn’t enough. We must act to stop it. This means:

• Supporting treaties that reduce nuclear weapons
• Pushing for peaceful ways to solve conflicts
• Urging governments to focus on nuclear safety
• Telling others about the dangers of nuclear weapons

This issue is very urgent. With some countries wanting nuclear weapons and tensions high, the risk of a nuclear disaster is real. We all must work together to prevent it. By being more aware, educated, and active, we can create a safer world without the threat of nuclear war.

Conclusion

Nuclear war is a disaster that would harm humanity and the Earth greatly. If just a small part of the world’s nuclear weapons, around 14,500 across nine countries²⁸, were used, it could cause a nuclear winter. This would mess up the global climate and put billions at risk of starving in a nuclear famine²⁹.

Right after a nuclear blast, radiation could kill people nearly a mile away from a 10-kiloton bomb. Burns could also affect people up to 20 miles away from a bigger bomb. This would lead to huge loss of life³⁰.

Then, there’s the long-term damage from nuclear fallout, lasting years or even decades³⁰. This would make surviving the initial blast even harder. The world would face huge problems with infrastructure, healthcare, and the economy. It’s clear that going nuclear would mean the end of the planet, with no one winning.

Stopping a nuclear disaster is a global must. We need international agreements, diplomacy, and awareness to fight against nuclear threats. By facing the mental effects of these threats, working together, and quickly getting rid of nuclear weapons, we can aim for a safer world. Our future and the planet depend on us working together to stop such a disaster.

Source Links

More Articles

1. Who — or what — would survive an all-out nuclear war? – https://bigthink.com/life/who-what-survives-nuclear-war/
2. What the science says: Could humans survive a nuclear war between NATO and Russia? – Alliance for Science – https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2022/03/what-the-science-says-could-humans-survive-a-nuclear-war-between-nato-and-russia/
3. Adult Beliefs, Feelings, and Actions Regarding Nuclear War: Evidence from Surveys and Experiments – The Medical Implications of Nuclear War – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219181/
4. Nowhere to hide: How a nuclear war would kill you—and almost everyone else. – https://thebulletin.org/2022/10/nowhere-to-hide-how-a-nuclear-war-would-kill-you-and-almost-everyone-else/
5. NPR15.3: The Myth of Nuclear Deterrence – https://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/npr_15-3_wilson.pdf
6. 2024 Doomsday Clock Statement: Nuclear Risk – Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists – https://thebulletin.org/doomsday-clock/current-time/nuclear-risk/
7. What happens if nuclear weapons are used? – https://www.icanw.org/catastrophic_harm
8. Recounting Horrors in Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Atomic Bombing Survivors Urge Recommitment to ‘Never Again’ Use Nuclear Weapons, as Review Conference Wraps Up First Week – https://press.un.org/en/2022/dc3849.doc.htm
9. Have the ashes of Hiroshima taught the world anything? | CNN – https://www.cnn.com/2015/08/05/asia/japan-hiroshima-nuclear-lessons/index.html
10. The Consequences of Nuclear War: An Economic and Social Perspective – The Medical Implications of Nuclear War – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219185/
11. Let’s Say Someone Did Drop the Bomb. Then What? – https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/24/books/review/nuclear-war-annie-jacobsen-countdown-sarah-scoles.html
12. Nuclear winter – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_winter
13. Public health and nuclear winter: addressing a catastrophic threat – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10484806/
14. Long-Classified U.S. Estimates of Nuclear War Casualties During the Cold War Regularly Underestimated Deaths and Destruction – https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2022-07-14/long-classified-us-estimates-nuclear-war-casualties-during
15. Nuclear holocaust – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust
16. You Might Survive a Nuclear Blast—if You Have the Right Shelter – https://www.wired.com/story/you-might-survive-a-nuclear-blast-if-you-have-the-right-shelter/
17. Quotes – UNFOLD ZERO – https://www.unfoldzero.org/protect-people-and-the-planet-appeal-for-a-nuclear-weapon-free-world/quotes/
18. Reducing the Risks of Nuclear War – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10684682/
19. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons – https://www.icj-cij.org/case/95
20. Conventional Arms and Nuclear Peace – https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/SSQ/documents/Volume-11_Issue-1/Leah.pdf
21. Children’s and Adolescents’ Perceptions of the Threat of Nuclear War: Implications of Recent Studies – The Medical Implications of Nuclear War – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219180/
22. amp4030276.tif – http://morawskilab.research.wesleyan.edu/files/2015/11/Psych-and-Nuclear-War.pdf
23. Psychological Effects Of Nuclear Weapons* – https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1960/april/psychological-effects-nuclear-weapons
24. Biden-Harris Administration’s National Security Strategy.pdf – https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf
25. Rad Resilient City Initiative | Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security – https://centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/research-projects/completed-projects/rad-resilient-city-initiative
26. Public awareness of ‘nuclear winter’ too low given current risks, argues expert – https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/public-awareness-of-nuclear-winter-too-low-given-current-risks-argues-expert
27. PREPTalks Discussion Guide – Saving Lives After a Nuclear Detonation – https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_preptalks_buddemeier_discussion-guide.pdf
28. This is exactly how a nuclear war would kill you – https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/10/19/17873822/nuclear-war-weapons-bombs-how-kill
29. The Immunological Impact of Nuclear Warfare – The Medical Implications of Nuclear War – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219162/
30. The Devastating Effects of Nuclear Weapons – https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/devastating-effects-of-nuclear-weapons-war/

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Last modified: August 5, 2024