High Police Presence in Major Cities: Understanding the Situation

In recent years, more police have been working in US cities. This situation has made people think about safety, how the community feels about the police, and how the police can be held accountable. It’s really noticeable in areas with a lot of crime and poverty. There, people see a lot of police, many get arrested or watched, and violence is common¹.

The number of homicides has gone up in many places, leading to more police. In the first 7 months of 2020, big US cities saw a 24% increase in homicides over the year before¹. The whole of 2020 saw a 30% jump in murders, with assaults up by over 10%².

This has led police to focus more on high-crime spots. But, some people are not happy with how the police are going about it. Some say police are being too aggressive, especially towards minor things like quality-of-life issues and drugs, guns, and gangs. This kind of policing can make people trust the police less, especially in places where the police are always present and use aggressive tactics.

These policing methods are felt the most in communities of color. In 2020, although Black people made up 14% of the population, they represented 26.6% of arrests and 24% of people killed by the police¹. FBI data also shows that Black Americans were involved in 39% of murders in 2019, which is almost three times their share of the population¹. These differences have led to protests and demands for change in how the police work and are held responsible.

Key Takeaways

• Rising crime, especially homicides, has pushed for more police in urban areas.
• Certain police tactics in high-crime areas have not been well-received by the public.
• Communities of color bear the brunt of heavy policing, with more arrests and police shootings.
• These issues have sparked protests and calls for a change in policing and accountability.
• It’s important to look at why crime happens and how to build trust between the police and the community to improve public safety.

Rising Crime Rates in Major Cities

In recent years, big cities in the U.S. have seen more violent crime and gun violence. The nation’s murder rate jumped almost 30 percent in 2020. At the same time, assaults went up more than 10 percent³. This is part of a larger increase in gun violence. Surprisingly, over 75 percent of murders were done with guns³.

Violent Crime Trends in 2020

Murders rose not just in cities but also in places outside, affecting all areas³. Yet, the worst hit were poor and disadvantaged communities³. Despite being only 14.2 percent of the U.S. population, African Americans faced nearly 33 percent of all violent crimes⁴.

Violent victimizations went up from 5.8 million to 6.6 million, a 14% rise³. Excluding simple assault, the increase was more at 37%³. The number of victims of violent crimes also grew by 15%³.

Property Crime Trends in 2020

In 2020, though, property crime fell to a record low, except for car thefts³. Still, the number of property crimes in urban areas went up 15%³.

The jump in violent crime was bigger from 2020 to 2022 than from 2019 to 2022. However, data from 2020 might not be as accurate³. In cities, the violent crime rate for every 1,000 residents grew shockingly by 58%³.

The latest data from the FBI hints at an 8% decline in violent crime from 2022 to 2023³. It’s worth mentioning that most crimes (around 58.5% violent and 68.2% property) in 2022 weren’t even reported³.

Factors Contributing to Increased Police Presence

In big cities across the U.S., we’ve seen more police on the streets lately. This increase is due to a few main things: concern for public safety and political push. With urban violent crime rates going up, folks and leaders want strong action.

More violent crimes have made people worry about their safety. They are asking for more cops to make their areas safer. Adding a new police officer in a city can stop a small number of homicides. But it takes many more officers and costs a lot of money to save just one life each year.

Public Safety Concerns

Crime is up, making safety a big concern for everyone in cities. People are scared of violent crimes and want to see more police, especially in dangerous parts of town. They hope this will scare off criminals and make them feel safe again.

Political Pressure

There’s also pressure from politics to increase police numbers. With voters and rivals criticizing, politicians want to appear tough on crime. This has meant more money and officers for police departments, and new ways to combat crime.

But, more police have not always made communities feel safer. Especially in poorer areas, some see police everywhere as too much and even harassing them. They are upset that police seem to target Black people more for small crimes than others.

But here’s something odd. While having a bigger police force helps save more Black lives compared to white lives, the biggest Black communities might not see the same drop in homicides. This makes us think hard about the relationship between police and people of color. It shows we need smarter ways to keep the peace and build trust between police and the people they protect.

Impact of High Police Presence on Communities

The increased police presence in poor urban areas has changed how police and communities interact. More officers are sent to high-crime zones to make them safer. But, this has not always improved things. It has sometimes made people in these areas feel watched too closely by the police. This can cause problems between the police and the people they’re trying to protect.

Strained Police-Community Relations

Some police strategies, like stopping people without good reason and focusing on small rule-breaking, have made things worse. For example, in New York City, complaints about small things like noise or bad behavior rose by over 166% from 2011 to 2016⁵. In 2017, the police dealt with these complaints 92.5% of the time. More police activity has not only increased problems between law enforcers and locals. It has especially affected people of color.

Studies show that in many US cities, more police help save more Black lives than white⁶. But in areas with lots of Black people, especially in the South and Midwest, more police haven’t cut down on murders like they do in other places⁶. Instead, they end up arresting more Black folks for minor offenses⁶.

Perceptions of Over-Policing

Many in areas with a lot of police feel like it’s too much. For instance, in places that saw more whites moving in, complaints were almost 50% higher by 2016⁵. This led to deep mistrust of the police by people who’d lived there a long time.

Targeting minor crimes in Black communities has made things worse. Nationwide, the police arrest Black folks more for small crimes⁶. This has a big effect on their lives, even though it might not make the community safer⁶. In New York, police actions from these complaints are three times more likely to happen in poor, mostly Black areas, where there are also a lot of white residents, than in richer white areas⁵.

The tension from too much police and their tough methods has caused protests in some big cities. Solving these problems means focusing on trust, holding the police accountable, and adopting community-focused police plans that care about everyone’s safety and well-being.

Aggressive Policing Strategies and Their Effectiveness

Law enforcement uses aggressive strategies like vehicle stops and stakeouts to fight crime and keep us safe. These methods lead to many arrests. About 15% of cases involving serious harm or death to the public happen during police stops⁷. But, we must think about the effects they have on how the public views the police over time.

Research shows that these methods harm mostly black and other minority groups. For example, in California, Black people are at a much higher risk of being hurt or killed by the police⁷. This makes people question if these strategies are fair and if they make the relationship between the police and the people they serve worse.

“The effectiveness of aggressive policing strategies in reducing crime must be balanced against their potential to damage police-community relations and undermine trust in law enforcement.”

Using aggressive strategies might make situations worse and lead to more violence. A big portion of those who get hurt by the police have mental health or substance issues⁷. This shows that police need better training to handle these types of situations without causing harm.

These harsh strategies might show quick results in lowering crimes and making arrests. Still, we question if they really keep us safe in the long run and improve how we see the police. In California, around 80 officers get arrested each year for bad behavior, often for assaulting someone⁷. This shows the need for police to act responsibly and openly, earning trust from the public.

To solve crime while keeping community trust, police should focus on methods that research proves work. They should care about engaging with the public, fairness, and calming situations down. They can do this by using better training and working closely with the community (source).

In conclusion, although aggressive policing tactics can show quick wins by reducing crimes and making arrests, their real success in keeping us safe and building trust with the police is up for debate. It’s a complex issue that needs both deep thinking and a mix of solutions.

High Police presents in many major cities: What is going on?

In the past years, police presence has grown in many big U.S. cities. This has made people wonder why there are more police around and how it really helps community safety and relations. To know more, we need to look at why this is happening and what it all means for the cities.

Understanding the Current Situation

Police are showing up more because crime rates are going up, especially in poor neighborhoods. More officers are working in these areas to stop crimes and make these places safer. For example, at Beaufort High School, a teenager was caught with a gun. This led to a lockdown and more police presence. In another case, Connecticut State Police increased around Oxford High School after a threat. This shows police are proactive to keep everyone safe⁸⁹.

But, more police can lead to problems with the people they try to protect. Some folks think there are too many police and worry about how they do their job. They are concerned about losing trust because of the way police act. At a big event in Kansas City, Missouri, where police were numerous, a fatal shooting occurred, and many were injured. This situation shows the difficulty police face, especially with gun violence, and maintaining safety in crowded places¹⁰.

Examining the Underlying Causes

To understand the increased police presence, we need to look at what causes crime and tension. Many cities have areas with severe poverty and not enough resources. This leads to more crime and makes it hard for police and the community to get along. Just hiring more police won’t solve these complex problems.

We need to focus on programs that stop crime before it starts, make police more accountable, and create trust between police and the people. Working closely with the community, especially with young people and those who are at risk, is important. Offering them guidance and job opportunities can address the bigger issues causing crime.

Above is a table showing how putting more police on the streets can lower crime, at least in some cities. But, we must remember that just having more police isn’t the total solution. We also need to look at how the police do their job and how they work with the community to make long-lasting safety changes.

Dealing with the issue of more police in cities is complex. It needs us to look at the big picture. By dealing with the real reasons for crime, making sure police are fair and open, and sharing responsibility between the police and the community, our cities can become safer and better places for everyone.

Community Perceptions of Police in High-Crime Areas

In high-crime, disadvantaged urban areas, people feel negatively about the police¹¹. They often see them as unfair, biased, and distant. This comes from how the police use force, high arrest rates, and feeling that the system is not just. Because of this, there’s a widespread lack of trust and belief¹¹ in these places. This makes it hard for the community and the police to work together to keep the area safe.

Mistrust and Cynicism Towards Law Enforcement

People in these areas have learned not to trust the police over time. They don’t think the police treat them fairly. Part of the issue is how the police focus on small offenses and stop people for no clear reason. This, combined with a lot of crime and many people being arrested, makes a bad picture of the police¹¹.

In six cities, researchers asked people about how they see the police. They found a wide range of viewpoints. This depended on how the local police work and what they focus on doing. It shows that understanding each community’s specific needs and problems is key. This can help make the relationship between the police and the people better.

Lack of Cooperation with Police

With so much doubt and negativity, people don’t always want to help the police. They might not report crimes or help with investigations. Some are scared of what might happen if they do. Others just don’t think the police will listen or help. This makes it tough for the police to do their job and keep everyone safe.

Previous studies had some issues in how they looked at what people think about the police. We need better ways to understand what people really feel in these areas. The National Initiative for Building Community Trust and Justice wants to help. They are working on making things better. This includes training the police on fairness and dealing with their own biases¹¹.

To make things better in high-crime areas, we need to look at the big picture. Taking steps such as being fair, making the police answer for what they do, and preventing crime together with the community are important. By really listening and working with the people, the police can start to change how they are seen. They can create a more positive view among the residents.

Importance of Community Engagement in Policing

Good community engagement is vital for strong policing and making urban places safe. Since the 1970s¹², police have known the value of working closely with locals. This helps build trust and teamwork between people and officers. By including what locals really think and know in safety plans, police can make relations better and focus on each community’s special needs.

The Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) says that fixing trust with the community is key now¹². When officers know the community has their back, they are happier at work¹². This can make them do their job even better. But in 2020, police had a hard time keeping officers. Many retired and it’s tough to find new ones¹².

Contact with the police can change how people see the law in a good way¹². Efforts like community policing, which are about connecting with people, can lower crime¹². The U.S. Attorney General agrees that these types of steps are good for fighting crime¹².

“Reductions in violent crime are not possible without the meaningful representation and engagement of the residents most affected by it.”

Some say community policing favors some people more and does not help when there’s already distrust¹². To check how well community policing works and deal with these issues, police can use tools like Zencity. These tools help track the trust level of everyone in the community¹².

Working with the community and using proven plans, police can do better. They can gain the community’s trust and become better at keeping everyone safe in cities. It takes police and the community working together to solve the big issues and make policing fair and effective for all.

Balancing Crime Reduction and Community Trust

Law enforcement faces a big challenge. They must reduce crime and keep community trust in cities. Since 1994, the government has spent about $14.7 billion on community policing. This includes putting more officers on the street and better technology, among other things¹³. These efforts have touched over 13,000 of the nation’s 18,000 police agencies thanks to the COPS Office¹³.

Studies show that focusing on the community in policing gets good safety results¹³. For example, the 1994 Crime Bill’s spending on community policing helped reduce crime between 1993 and 1998. And a study from Yale University said that these efforts led to less crime in the following decade, too¹³.

Implementing Procedural Justice Practices

Procedural justice is key to making police seem fair and building community trust. It means treating everyone respectfully and fairly when dealing with the cops. By doing this, the police can make the community trust them more and see them as fair.

There are many ways to use procedural justice. These include:

• Training officers to talk well and calm down situations
• Having officers share why they do what they do with the people they serve
• Setting up easy-to-understand ways to report bad police behavior
• Reaching out to the community in a positive way and building good relationships

Promoting Police Legitimacy

If people see the police as reliable and good, they’re more likely to help with crime fighting. They’ll also see the justice system as fair. Promoting police legitimacy needs good practices, working with the community, and being held accountable.

To make the police seem more real and reliable, they can:

1. Ask people in the community what they think about how the police do their job
2. Set up boards or groups that talk about how to make policing better together
3. Make it easy for people to report if they feel the police did something wrong
4. Keep the police well trained and help them keep to high standards

By putting effort into procedural justice and being seen as real and reliable, the police can gain trust. This can lead to better community work and safety in cities. The COPS Office offers lots of help for police looking to use these strategies and connect better with the people they protect.

The Role of Police Organizational Style in Effectiveness

The way police organize themselves is key to fighting crime and making communities better. The two main ways are through community policing and team policing. These models focus on working together, building trust, and solving problems to keep people safe in the city.

Community policing teams up the police with the public to work closely together. This involves everyone from residents to business owners. The police really get to know what matters to people, which helps build trust and come up with plans to fight specific crimes and other problems¹⁴. Research also shows this approach can shrink crime, disorder, and fear, making citizens happier and feeling more positive about the police¹⁴.

Community Policing Models

Community policing goes beyond just enforcing laws. It’s about finding problems before they get worse and making strong bonds with the community. In Memphis, for example, they have officers who focus on this. There, officers and residents work together, taking the police-citizen relationship to a whole new level¹⁵. Schools are also using this approach. School officers not only keep kids safe but also build friendships and take on other supportive roles¹⁴.

Team Policing Approaches

Team policing is where officers from the same area and community work together to tackle issues. They’re given specific places to oversee and get to know the people there. This boosts how answerable and caring the police are to what the community needs. In a study, this method was proven to help lower crime when everyone works together on specific goals¹⁴.

Good police work is all about being fair, open, and getting the community involved. The National Research Council points out how crucial fairness and doing the job right are. They look at what works best to keep these values strong¹⁴. It’s very important to track how well the police are doing their job, dealing with crime, and keeping the peace. Plus, it’s about seeing how much folks trust the police. This info helps make police work better¹⁶.

Using community and team policing can really make a difference. It means less crime, stronger trust, and a safer city life. But, it only works if the police are open and keep getting better by listening to people and checking their own work¹⁶.

Examining the Relationship Between Police Manpower and Crime Rates

The effect of police numbers on crime rates in cities is a hot topic. Some research indicates that more police can lower crime. But the results are not always clear. For example, having 10% more officers might cut crime by 3% to 7%. This change has been attributed to a wide range of reasons, from 0.30 to 0.70. However, a 50% rise in police presence could decrease crime by 15%¹⁷.

Unquestionably, hiring more officers is costly. It might cost taxpayers between $1.3 to $2.2 million every year. Despite this, more officers can lower serious crimes, like robbery and rape. But it also leads to more arrests for minor crimes. These include disorderly conduct and drug possession, which often affect Black people the most⁶.

Studies have found that each new police officer could prevent between 0.06 and 0.1 homicides. But, 10 to 17 new officers might be needed to save one life a year⁶. These numbers align with the finding that 10 to 17 new officers can prevent one new homicide annually. This effect is much stronger for Black individuals¹⁷. Having more officers tends to save more Black lives, especially in communities of color. They appear to reduce the homicide rate more for Black people than for white individuals⁶¹⁷.

Cities with large Black communities often don’t benefit much from extra police in terms of fewer homicides⁶. There’s a significant gap in arrests for minor offenses. Black people are often prosecuted for these crimes, leading to a negative impact without enhancing safety⁶.

In New York City, the police count dropped from 40,078 to 34,646 between 2010 and 2021¹⁸. However, the steady reduction of stop and frisk on Black individuals, which went from 104,449 to 50,000, shows a more nuanced picture¹⁸. Research proposes that a diverse police force could help reduce racial policing disparities. In theory, this could decrease trouble between police and the Black community¹⁸.

It’s not just about having more police; how they work matters too. Different tactics like targeted patrols and engaging with the community show great potential. For instance, in NYC, a focus on gang areas led to nearly 30% less gun violence¹⁸.

The link between police numbers and crime is not simple. Policymakers need to think about the costs and benefits of a bigger police force. They also have to tackle issues of racial inequality and the trust communities have in their police. This is vital for better safety and the effectiveness of police in cities.

The Importance of Police Deployment Strategies

Police deployment strategies are key in keeping our communities safe and reducing crime. It’s important for police to wisely use their resources and place officers where they are needed most. Targeted patrols in crime-heavy areas and more night patrols help a lot.

Targeted Patrols in High-Crime Areas

Focusing on known high-crime areas, or “hot spots,” helps the police target crime better. By working in these areas, the police can stop crimes from happening and catch offenders. One study confirmed crimes reduced by 13% in these special areas¹⁹. Also, stopping and talking to people on the street lowered crime by 7% in these spots¹⁹.

But, sometimes these focused patrols can cause issues. People who are stopped by the police might feel their mental and physical health suffer more. They also tend to trust the police less and may even turn to crime more afterwards. Police need to carefully choose how they do these patrols to keep community trust and wellbeing in mind.

Increased Night Patrols

More patrols during the night can really reduce crime. Criminals often strike when it’s dark, so having a lot of police around can make them think twice. This method has been proven to lower crime and keep the public safer at night.

It’s interesting that many calls for help come from people in a mental health crisis or who are not thinking clearly²⁰. To handle these cases better, some places now send special teams that are trained in these types of issues. This new way of responding started in 2020 in many areas, showing how important it is²⁰. These programs help a lot with mental health or substance use cases and even where people are living on the streets.

A mix of focused patrols, more night police, and support for mental health emergencies can really make policing stronger. Yet, it’s vital to think about how these efforts affect community trust. Building trust and working together with the community is the real foundation for safer towns and cities.

Addressing Racial Bias in Policing

Racial bias in policing is a big problem, especially in cities. It makes people not trust the police and hurts how communities work together. People of color often have more interactions with police, facing rough treatment and more jail time. This makes them feel like they’re not treated fairly and not trust the police. Recent data from California show that Black people are stopped by police more, even though they make up a smaller part of the population. Black Californians are also searched more than white people, showing a clear inequality²¹.

Black people are more likely than white people to end up in jail after a police stop²¹. Even though not a lot of stops actually find anything illegal, Black and brown people are still affected more. Most of the time, police just issue a warning or a ticket. But, they arrest around 11% of those they stop and send over 6% to jail²¹.

To make policing more fair, initiatives need to focus on a few keys areas:

• Teaching officers about their unconscious biases through special training
• Making the police force more like the community through diverse recruitment
• Creating more ways to watch over police actions and collecting data clearly
• Working closely with the community and local groups to build trust

Fixing racial bias in policing is about being fair and making everyone safer by building trust between the police and those they serve.

Police departments need to openly face and work against racial unfairness to improve relations in the city. This means ongoing training, more accountability, and partnerships with the community. Together, we can have policing that’s fair and keeps everyone safe.

The Need for Police Accountability and Transparency

Police accountability and transparency are vital for public trust. This helps keep law enforcement’s standing high in cities. People must feel that wrongdoing will be rightly dealt with. This builds a solid bond between cops and locals²². Putting in place strong oversight and improving how data is collected and shared can help meet these aims.

Implementing Oversight Mechanisms

To ensure the police are held responsible, oversight mechanisms must be in place. These can be things like civilian boards and independent checks on police actions. They make sure officers face the music for any wrong deeds. Also, they check incidents involving harm or death are looked at by outsiders, keeping things transparent²². For instance, the Maplewood, Minnesota Police Department checks body camera footage randomly. This is to ensure the cameras work well and officers stick to the rules²².

Enhancing Data Collection and Reporting

Making data collection better is key to accountability and transparency in the police. It’s important to record when they stop someone, search, or use force. This helps show what’s really going on and can detect any bad habits. There should be rules to quickly share things like videos or reports on big matters, such as shootings. This is to keep the public updated²². The Washington D.C. Police Department has gone above and beyond. They offer complaint forms in many languages and even in audio form. This is to help everyone have a way to reach out²².

The groups that give officers their seal of approval are also very much needed. They make sure cops meet the high standards of their job. Every department should have specific guidelines for using and sharing body camera footage. These rules must follow laws on keeping and revealing public records²². Also, because being a cop can be very tough on the mind and body, regular health checks are a must²².

Putting a big focus on the accountability and transparency of the police can lead to trust. This trust is what makes keeping the public safe in cities possible. By using oversight and better sharing of data, police can show they are working towards a safer, more trusted community.

Investing in Community-Based Crime Prevention

Community-based crime prevention strategies are useful alongside regular law enforcement in cities. They aim to reduce crime by tackling its causes and enhancing safety. Projects like the Clean and Green in Flint, Michigan, cut violent crimes on some streets by 40% over five years²³.

The Byrne BCJI program funded initiatives at 60 sites, each with many participants. It shows that engaging many people can help in fighting crime. However, keeping people involved in the long run is a challenge²³.

Research backs community efforts to curb crime, like CBPR and PAR. These methods bring locals, groups, and researchers together to solve community issues. They suggest choosing the right places and ways to work together for the best results²³.

Studies point out the success of tackling both physical and social problems to fight crime. For example, fixing up run-down areas and uniting neighbors. This approach helped in small Michigan cities, offering strategies that work²³. A study in Michigan examined how working closely with communities can develop effective crime prevention tactics, proving the power of community involvement in fighting crime²³.

In Pittsburg, Fabusuyil’s work from 2008 to 2012 showed that stronger community ties and joint efforts can lower crime rates. The findings stress the role of the community in shaping smart crime reduction strategies. Cities benefit by investing in these programs to make their areas safer and improve relations between the police and the public²³.

Collaborative Efforts Between Police and Community Stakeholders

In many big cities, crime rates are going up. At the same time, people don’t trust the police as much. So, police are now working closely with the community to fix this. A recent study by the Police Executive Research Forum found that police chiefs put rebuilding trust at the top of their to-do list. They say this trust has been going down¹².

Since the 70s, there’s been a focus on working with the community to fight crime. But now, this is getting more attention. The idea is to get people to trust the police more by having them hang out together in a friendly way. This way, the police and residents start to like each other more¹².

And it’s working. Research shows that when people have good experiences with the police, they start to feel better about them¹².

Building Partnerships for Public Safety

To really fight crime and make places safer, everyone needs to work together. This means not just the police, but leaders in the community, as well as churches and local shops. By teaming up, these groups are not only making places safer through teamwork. They’re also helping the police use their resources better by focusing on what the community really needs¹².

This teamwork also makes the officers feel good about their jobs. When the community shows they care, officers are more likely to stick around. This means the police don’t have to work as hard to find new people to join them¹².

Engaging Youth and At-Risk Populations

It’s really important to get young people and those who might get into trouble involved. By giving them good things to do after school and chances to learn job skills, we keep them out of trouble. This also helps the police be friends with everyone in the community. Working together on these programs makes everyone feel safer and more connected.

Research shows that focusing on the community, especially helping young people, can really cut down on crime in cities. For this, police are now using special tools, like Zencity. This tool helps them see if their work is making people trust them more¹².

The Redondo Beach Police Department’s successful use of Zencity shows how this can work. By using it, they got people to trust them more and made the city safer. This is a great example of community policing doing very well¹². As more and more support goes into community-focused policing, the bond between the police and the community will grow. Together, they will make cities safer and bring trust back¹².

Conclusion

The high police presence in big major cities is a big topic. It needs a mix of actions to deal with growing crime rates. This includes making sure public safety is met and that community relations improve. While seeing more law enforcement might help, we must also work on raising trust and the standing of police in urban areas. A 10% rise in new police officers might mean less crime by 3 to 10%¹⁷. The effect is even stronger for Black people, helping save more Black lives¹⁷.

The best plan includes fair community-based crime prevention and strong ties between the police and those they serve. Analysts say that a force 10% bigger could cut down crime by 3% to 7%. This is with a certain range of success¹⁷. Also, having 50% more police around can mean 15% less crime, as effectiveness stays¹⁷.

Police must tackle what’s really causing the crime, show they are accountable and open. They should really connect with the people in their public safety work. For example, more police patrols around the University of Pennsylvania led to 60% less crime. And it affected both all crime and serious crime in a big way¹⁷. Putting more money in the police can make areas safer not just by making more arrests but by stopping crime¹⁷.

Source Links

1. https://www.thepolicycircle.org/brief/understanding-law-enforcement/
2. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/myths-and-realities-understanding-recent-trends-violent-crime
3. https://www.city-journal.org/article/urban-crime-wave
4. https://www.newsweek.com/its-not-just-big-citiesrising-crime-problem-everywhere-opinion-1834312
5. https://www.cssny.org/news/entry/New-Neighbors
6. https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2021/04/20/988769793/when-you-add-more-police-to-a-city-what-happens
7. https://www.ppic.org/publication/police-use-of-force-and-misconduct-in-california/
8. https://www.wjcl.com/article/beaufort-high-school-suspect/60870018
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10. https://abcnews.go.com/US/heavier-police-presence-needed-large-events-after-chiefs/story?id=107261315
11. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/88476/how_do_people_in_high-crime_view_the_police.pdf
12. https://blog.zencity.io/resources/the-top-benefits-of-community-policing
13. https://portal.cops.usdoj.gov/resourcecenter/content.ashx/cops-p329-pub.pdf
14. https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/model-programs-guide/literature-reviews/community-oriented-problem-oriented-policing
15. https://www.memphispolice.org/
16. https://www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/Handbook_on_police_Accountability_Oversight_and_Integrity.pdf
17. https://www.johnlocke.org/more-cops-less-crime-2/
18. https://www.vitalcitynyc.org/articles/weighing-the-impacts-of-policing
19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9831287/
20. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/rethinking-how-law-enforcement-deployed
21. https://www.ppic.org/publication/racial-disparities-in-law-enforcement-stops/
22. https://www.usmayors.org/issues/police-reform/transparency-and-accountability-to-reinforce-constitutional-policing
23. https://jprm.scholasticahq.com/article/57526-community-engagement-in-crime-reduction-strategies-a-tale-of-three-cities

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Last modified: May 23, 2024